African philosophy before the 20th century was primarily conducted and transmitted orally as ideas by philosophers whose names have been lost to history. While early African intellectual history primarily focused on folk lore, wise sayings and religious ideas, it also included philosophical concepts such as the Nguni Bantu concept of Ubuntu in moral philosophy. Ubuntu often summarized by the phrase “I am because we are”, emphasizes the inter connectedness of individuals within a community. It contrasts with western individualism by priotizing communal values and the well-being of the group over the individual and is reminiscent of the wider phenomenon of African communalism found across the continent. African philosophy includes but often differs from Africana philosophy in that African philosophy usually focuses on indigenous knowledge systems and philosophical traditions native to the African continent. In contrast, Africana philosophy addresses the philosophical concerns experiences and identities of Africans in the diaspora, particularly in regions outside Africa such as the Americas and Caribbean. One particular subject that several modern African philosophers have written about is on the subject of freedom and what it means to be free or to experience wholeness. Philosophy in Africa has a rich and varied history, some of which has been lost over time. Some of the world’s oldest philosophical texts have been produced in ancient Egypt written in Hieratic and on papyrus, c2200-1000BCE. One of the earliest known African philosophers was Ptahhotep an ancient Egyptian philosopher.