What role did the Middle Ages play in the construction of Portuguese national identity in the modern age? Which medieval ideas, themes, objects, buildings, events, and figures contributed to this process? How did Portuguese intellectuals, artists, and politicians from the late-nineteenth century to the mid-twentieth narrate, rework, and commemorate them? These are some of the questions that this book addresses. By examining historiography, heritage intervention, and historical commemorations, it demonstrates the ways by which certain views about the Portuguese Middle Ages were constructed, propagated, and used to serve different political agendas.