Beginning with the 19th century "invention" of modern development, Doctrines of Development discusses Marx's early critique of development doctrine and the creation of the idea of underdevelopment. Extended 20th century case histories are cited to explain why and how development doctrine accompanied the early growth of capitalism. Shorter case studies examine how development theory has been part of the history of development doctrine. The authors pursue the analysis to critique the contemporary and increasingly pervasive theories of "alternative" development.