Napoleon ́s Campaign in Russia

by A. Rose

2018 · BoD – Books on Demand

Reproduction of the original: Napoleon ́s Campaign in Russia by A. Rose

Japan's Foreign Policies

by A Pooley

2010 · Routledge

This volume draws together material from The Japan Chronicle, The Japan Gazette and the China Treaty Port foreign papers, all of which are of great historical value. The Japan and China Treaty Port foreign papers frequently contain important articles translated from the vernacular press. These original articles were often written by leading politicians and statesmen – Count Mutsu, Count Hayashi, Tang-shao-Yi, Wu-ting-Fang and Liang-chi-Chao were all prolific contributors. Written with the prospect of World War II looming, the rapid changes in the Far East happened almost without the West realising. This volume makes available key documents and analyses Japanese foreign policy with a view to directing UK handling of a delicate diplomatic situation in the Far East.

The Iberian Leech: Napoleon's Counterinsurgency Operations In The Peninsula, 1807-1810

by Major Mark A. Reeves

2015 · Wagram Press

By 1807, Napoleon's victories over his European adversaries were legendary. His Grand Army had defeated the greatest European armies of the period. Each army, in succession, from the Hapsburg Empire to Russia, had been soundly beaten and had not been able to come to grips with how to deal with his lightning style of warfare. Yet, over a six-year period from 1807 to 1813, in the backwater Iberian Peninsula, Napoleon lost both his prestige and more troops than he lost in the infamous wintry campaign in Russia. How did an army of bandits, priests, and commoners along with a small expeditionary force achieve victory over the most powerful armies on the continent? The answer lies in that Napoleon did not only fight a band of insurgents and a small British led coalition army, but he also suffered from a combination of poor morale, weak leadership and a refusal to fully recognize the enemy situation. His overextended lines of communications covered an area that was bleak and poor in resources and he could no longer rely on foraging to feed and supply his troops, many of them suffering from starvation. The Iberian Campaign cost Napoleon over 250,000 troops and drained the French of manpower and resources that could have been used elsewhere. The campaign bankrupt Napoleon's image of invincibility and sapped his armies' leadership and experience. Therefore, Napoleon would have to rely on more conscripts and an ever-increasing number of foreign troops to fill his depleted ranks. Napoleon's generals were entangled in a politico-military quagmire for which they were never prepared and for which they received little guidance. The Peninsular Campaign sucked the lifeblood of Napoleon's armies and they were never able to fully recover from it.

Protestant Politics

by Thomas A. Brady Jr.

2023 · BRILL

Protestant Politics presents a new interpretation of the impact of the Protestant Reformation on the political culture and government of the Holy Roman Empire. It arose from a desire to re-examine this subject, which was long dominated by the views of Leopold von Ranke (1795-1886), in the light of two recent developments: the liberation of pre-modern European history from its long domination by the idea of the nation-state, and the recognition of the Reformation as a social movement. Protestant Politics is also the first narrative of the German Reformation, based on original sources, in more than half-a-century. The particular approach of Protestant politics is to map the collision of the relatively unified Protestant movement with the dispersed, multi-layered structure of authority and power in the late medieval Holy Roman Empire. The narrative thread, which holds together the story's levels - local, provincial, regional, and Imperial - is the career of Jacob Sturm (1489-1553) of Strasbourg, the leading Protestant urban politician of the era. The rhythm of his career from a heritage of local autonomy through the great Peasants' War of 1525 to the trans-regional Protestant alliance (1531-47), and then back again to the local and provincial politics of the 1550s, mirrors the political career of German Protestantism from its explosive beginnings through expansion, defeat, and a loss of dynamism. This process, shaped by the peculiar political structures and traditions of the Empire - not the theology of Martin Luther - is responsible for German Protestantism' failure to develop a revolutionary potential similar to those of the French, English, and Netherlandish Protestant movements. Protestant Politics is written for historians and for students and readers of history at all levels. The quotes from original sources are all put into English, and basis of interpretation is explained in a lengthy introduction. Protestant Politics is a revisionist work on politics and religion in Germany. It will be of interest to students of German history, late medieval and early modern German history, German historiography, and religion and politics.